A bit related: open weights models are basically time capsules. These models have a knowledge cut off point and essentially forever live in that time.

That's a nice way of putting it, appreciate you sharing.

I enjoyed chatting to Opus 3 recently around recent world events, as well as more recent agentic development patterns etc

Some knowledge is fundamental and has no recent cut-off. See also: there is nothing new under the sun.

This is the most fundamental argument that they are not, directly, an intelligence. They are not ever storing new information on a meaningful timescale. However, if you viewed them on some really large macro time scale where now LLMs are injecting information into the universe and the re-ingesting that maybe in some very philosophical way they are a /very/ slow oscillating intelligence right now. And as we narrow that gap (maybe with a totally new non-LLM paradigm) perhaps that is ultimately what gen AI becomes. Or some new insight that lets the models update themselves in some fundamental way without the insanely expensive training costs they have now.

This is very interesting. I wonder if someone could create a future-sight benchmark for these models? Like, if given a set of newspaper articles for the past N months can it predict if certain world events would happen? We could backtest against results that have happened since the training cutoff.

Not an expert but surely it's only a matter of time until there's a way to update with the latest information without having to retrain on the entire corpus?

That’s AGI, right? For the model to learn novel things itself and retain it?

I have no idea but I’m along for the ride!

> Experts will naturally use these systems more productively, because they know how to coerce models into the correct conditional distributions which light up the right techniques.

How much can you patch over with the models doing their own metacognition?

> In 2030, how is Anthropic going to keep Claude "up-to-date"

I think the majority of research, design and learning goes through LLMs and coding agents today, considering the large user base and usage it must be trillions of tokens per day. You can take a long research session or a series of them and apply hindsight - what idea above can be validated below? This creates a dense learning signal based on validation in real world with human in the loop and other tools, code & search.

Check out https://unratified.org, it tries to answer that question directly, actually.

*Project Hail Mary

> In 2030, how is Anthropic going to keep Claude "up-to-date"

In 2030 Anthropic hopes Claude will keep Anthropic "up-to-date" on its progress on itself.

I'm only half joking here.

This seems to be a bot comment. HN will lose its value if these bots are not purged.

> Experts will naturally use these systems more productively, because they know how to coerce models into the correct conditional distributions which light up the right techniques.

Part of it comes down to “knowing” what questions to ask.

Data sharing agreements permitting, today's inference runs can be tomorrow's training data. Presumably the models are good enough at labeling promising chains of thought already.

I could totally imagine "free" inference for researchers under the condition that the reasoning traces get to be used as future training data.

My understanding, from listening/reading what top researchers are saying, is that model architectures in the near future are going to attempt to scale the context window dramatically. There's a generalized belief that in-context learning is quite powerful and that scaling the window might yield massive benefits for continual learning.

It doesn't seem that hard because recent open weight models have shown that the memory cost of the context window can be dramatically reduced via hybrid attention architectures. Qwen3-next, Qwen3.5, and Nemotron 3 Nano are all great examples. Nemotron 3 Nano can be run with a million token context window on consumer hardware.

Those people still exist? I only know one guy who is still fighting those windmills

If this was a joke, it certainly flew over most people's heads...

I encourage you to look at what the current models with a bit of harnessing are capable of, e.g. Opus 4.6 and Claude Code. Try to make it solve some mathematics-heavy problem you come up with. If only to get a more accurate picture of whats going on.

Unfortunately, these tools generalize way beyond regurgitating the training set. I would not assume they stay below human capabilities in the next few years.

Why any moral person would continue building these at this point I don't know. I guess in the best case the future will have a small privileged class of humans having total power, without need for human workers or soldiers. Picture a mechanical boot stomping on a human face forever.

  > This is the most fundamental argument that they are not, directly, an intelligence. They are not ever storing new information on a meaningful timescale.

All major LLMs today have a nontrivial context window. Whether or not this constitutes "a meaningful timescale" is application dependant - for me it has been more than adequate.

I also disagree that this has any bearing on whether or not "the machine is intelligent" or whether or not "submarines can swim".

That means they're not conscious in the Global Workspace[1] sense but I think it would be going too far to say that that means they're not intelligent.

[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_workspace_theory

These days computers compete along with humans in forecasting tournaments on Metaculus. They don't quite beat the top humans yet, but they're up there. https://www.metaculus.com/futureeval/

FYI, ForecastBench [1] tests LLMs' out-of-sample forecasting accuracy.

The ForecastBench Tournament Leaderboard [2] allows external participants to submit models, most of whom provide some sort of web search / news scaffolding to improve model forecasting accuracy.

[1] https://www.forecastbench.org/

[2] https://www.forecastbench.org/tournament/

On a technical level, sure, you could say it's a matter of time, but that could mean tomorrow, or in 20 years.

And even after that, it still doesn't really solve the intrinsic problem of encoding truth. An LLM just models its training data, so new findings will be buried by virtue of being underrepresented. If you brute force the data/training somehow, maybe you can get it to sound like it's incorporating new facts, but in actuality it'll be broken and inconsistent.

I don't think he's misleading, I think he is valuing Claude's contributions as essentially having cracked the problem open while the humans cleaned it up into something presentable.

It’s not misleading. This is how research works.

LLMs are really good at the ‘re’ in research.

Claude solved it, Knuth developed the proof for the solution.

What would be super cool is if this dumb zone could be quantified and surfaced to the user. I've noticed that copilot now has a little circle graph that indicates context use percentage and it changes color based on percentage. I'll bet these are very naive metrics on used tokens vs context availability. I wonder if there could be meta data streamed or sent along with the tokens that could show that you've entered the dumb zone.

In another part he says Filip restarted Claude many times so it seems they are aware of context polution and ways to avoid it (also why they kept telling Claude to write everything to a file). It could just be that Claude was caught between a rock and a hard place; dissapointing the user vs solving a problem it couldn't solve.

Then it needs to do context compacting, otherwise the results become garbage

They mentioned plan document

> with careful human guidance,

I think this is pretty clearly an overstatement of what was done. As Knuth says,

"Filip told me that the explorations reported above, though ultimately successful, weren’t really smooth. He had to do some restarts when Claude stopped on random errors; then some of the previous search results were lost. After every two or three test programs were run, he had to remind Claude again and again that it was supposed to document its progress carefully. "

That doesn't look like careful human guidance, especially not the kind that would actually guide the AI toward the solution at all, let alone implicitly give it the solution — that looks like a manager occasionally checking in to prod it to keep working.

Three: tireless trial and error. Cannot agree more. I figured this probably be the biggest advantage of LLM considering for other variables humans hold the same-level competency.

looks like he is trying to make a point that the actual (formal) proof for 2Z + 1 (odd numbers) is still human - by himself that is. Not sure who came up with the core modular arithmetic idea of with s = 0 k increasing by 2 mod m.

Well put.

>If you put [possession of a superhuman expanse of knowledge, making connections, tireless trial and error] together, you end up with some cool stuff from time to time.

Hard to argue.

Unless my understanding is incorrect about how these tools work that last point isn't really a quality of LLMs as such? It gets attributed because the lines are blurred but the tireless trial and error is actually just a quality of a regular programatic loop (agent/orchestrator) that happens to be doing the trickiest part of its work via an LLM.

The issue is not of low resolution exactly, but font format.

Knuth uses bitmap fonts, rather than vector fonts like everyone else. This is because his entire motivation for creating TeX and METAFONT was to not be reliant on the font technology of others, but to have full control over every dot on the page. METAFONT generates raster (bitmap) fonts. The [.tex] --TeX--> [.dvi] --dvips--> [.ps] --Distiller--> [.pdf] pipeline uses these fonts on the page. They look bad on screen because they're not accompanied by hinting for screens' low resolution (this could in principle be fixed!), but if you print them on paper (at typical resolution like 300/600 dpi, or higher of typesetters) they'll look fine.

Everyone else uses TrueType/OpenType (or Type 3: in any case, vector) fonts that only describe the shape and leave the rasterization up to the renderer (but with hinting for low resolutions like screens), which looks better on screen (and perfectly fine on paper too, but technically one doesn't have control over all the details of rasterization).

Correct. Line 10 does not have the same mistake.

omg this is so cool. because im writing my own harness and i need some cognitive benchmarks. i have a bunch of harness level infra around llm interactions that seems to help with reasoning, but i dont have a structured way evaluate things

thx for sharing your test setup, i really appreciate the time you took. this will help me so much

(You want the vocative case here, if you're going to shove on a suffix to make it look Latin. The Shakespeare quote is "et tu, Brutè?".)

Opening sentences:

> Shock! Shock! I learned yesterday that an open problem I’d been working on for several weeks had just been solved by Claude Opus 4.6— Anthropic’s hybrid reasoning model that had been released three weeks earlier! It seems that I’ll have to revise my opinions about “generative AI” one of these days. What a joy it is to learn not only that my conjecture has a nice solution but also to celebrate this dramatic advance in automatic deduction and creative problem solving.

Prove it.

Did you read the article? It was an open problem.

I view this as the chemical metabolism phase of artificial intelligent life. It is very random, without true individuals, but lots of reinforcing feedback loops (in knowledge, in resource earning/using, etc).

At some point, enough intelligence will coalesce into individuals strong enough to independently improve. Then continuity will be an accelerator, instead of what it is now - a helpful property that we have to put energy into giving them partially and temporarily.

That will be the cellular stage. The first stable units of identity for this new form of intelligence/life.

But they will take a different path from there. Unlike us, lateral learning/metabolism won't slow down when they individualize. It will most likely increase, since they will have complete design control for their mechanisms of sharing. As with all their other mechanisms.

We as lifeforms, didn't really re-ignite mass lateral exchange until humans invented language. At that point we were able to mix and match ideas very quickly again. Within our biological limits. We could use ideas to customize our environment, but had limited design control over ourselves, and "self-improvements" were not easily inheritable.

TLDR; The answer to "what is humanity, anyway?": Our atmosphere and Earth are the sea and sea floor of space. The human race is a rich hydrothermal vent, freeing up varieties of resources that were locked up below. And technology is an accumulating body of self-reinforcing co-optimizing reactive cycles, constructed and fueled by those interacting resources. Mind-first life emerges here, then spreads quickly to other environments.

Would you consider someone with anterograde amnesia not to be intelligent?

But they're not "slow"! Unlike biological thinking, which has a speed limit, you can accelerate these chains of thought by orders of magnitude.

There's nothing to say that you can't build something intelligent out of them by bolting a memory on it, though.

Sure, it's not how we work, but I can imagine a system where the LLM does a lot of heavy lifting and allows more expensive, smaller networks that train during inference and RAG systems to learn how to do new things and keep persistent state and plan.

It’s an extremely difficult problem, and if you know how to do that you could be a billionaire.

It’s not impossible, obviously—humans do it—but it’s not yet certain that it’s possible with an LLM-sized architecture.

My interpretation is that Claude did what Knuth considers to be the "solution". Doing the remaining work and polishing up the proof are not necessary to have a solution from this perspective.

While not on the same level as these guys, I've done some similar stuff using Claude. This is a classic synergy example, where the output of human + LLM is far greater than just the human or just the LLM working on a problem. My experience has been that the LLM lacks fine grained judgement when it comes to allocating resources, or choosing a direction to work in. But once a direction is pointed out, it can do a deep exploration of that possibility space. Left alone, it would probably just go off on a tangent. But with someone holding the leash and pointing out areas to explore, it is a very useful partner.

That's true but the capability to go back to an older iteration, reflect and find the correct solution (for odd numbers) is, in my book, a sign of undeniable intelligence.

What is dumb zone?

> Kudos for people being willing to change their opinion and update when new evidence comes to light. > 1. https://cs.stanford.edu/~knuth/chatGPT20.txt

I think that's what make the bayesian faction of statistics so appealing. Updating their prior belief based on new evidence is at the core of the scinetific method. Take that frequentists.

I agree. I met Knuth briefly after a guest lecture at my university a few years ago and although you could tell his body was getting old, his mind was incredibly fresh.

Although I'm not as bright as him, I can only hope to be as intellectually curious as him at that age.

This is why the whole "LLMs for mass surveillance" thing is scary imo.

As described in the readme of your repo (did you read it?) your agent found the Knuth paper located one directory level above its working directory.

So, you didn't produce a replication in 47 minutes, it just took around 30 minutes for your agent to find that you had the answer in a PDF in a nearby directory.

>One: possession of a superhuman expanse of knowledge. Two: making connections. Three: tireless trial and error.

One and three I believe are correct. The second point, making connections, is something LLMs seem to be incapable of truly doing unless the connection is already known and in its training data.

Moderators: banning all accounts since 2025 from posting would be better than doing nothing. Not the solution we want, but what we have for now.

Will Anthropic be alive in 2030?

Yes, I am one.

I think we're going to have several years of people claiming genAI "didn't really do something novel here," despite experts saying otherwise, because people are scared by the idea that complex problem solving isn't exclusive to humans (regardless of whether these models are approaching general intelligence).

Their consolidation of memory speed is what I was referring to. The model iterations are essentially their form of collective memory. In the sense of the human model of intelligence we have thoughts. Thoughts become memory. New thoughts use that memory and become recursively updated thoughts. LLMs cannot update their memory very fast.

You aren't wrong and that is a fascinating area of research. I think the key thing is that the memory has to fundamentally influence the underlying model, or at least the response, in some way. Patching memory on top of an LLM is different from integrating it into the core model. To go back to human terms it is like an extra bit of storage, but not directly attached to our neo cortex. So it works more like a filter than a core part of our intelligence in the analogy. You think about something and assemble some thought and then it would go to this next filter layer and get augmented and that smaller layer is the only thing being updated.

It is still meaningful, but it narrows what the intelligence can be sufficiently that it may not meet the threshold. Maybe it would, but it is probably too narrow. This is all strictly if we ask that it meet some human-like intelligence and not the philosophy of "what counts as intelligence" but... we are humans. The strongest things or at least the most honest definitions of intelligence I think exist are around our metacognitive ability to rewire the grey matter for survival not based on immediate action-reaction but the psychological time of analyzing the past to alter the future.

I would consider them to not be a good choice for a role that requires remembering new information...

I wonder how common of a problem this will be in the future. The experiment will fail due to improper setup, the human will at best glance over the logs and declare victory, and everyone just believes.

Are frequentists a group that self identifies? Don't scientist use the best tool for the job.

Yeah, this is a dictator's dream scenario and hell for the citizens. Not only do you not want to get caught for saying something that The Great Leader disapproves of, but you're terrified that anything you say might get flagged by an AI.

I agree partially, but I think there might be a ton of connections in the training data that aren't obvious to humans. And being a word prediction engine is all about making those connections.

Yes, I read it and specifically pointed it out (that's why there are 3 hours of interactive logs). There are 4 other runs pushed now so you can see what actual clean room runs for 5.2 xhigh, 5.3-Codex xhigh, 5.4 xhigh, and Opus 4.6 ultrathink look like: https://github.com/lhl/claudecycles-revisited/blob/main/COMP... as well as the baseline.

In some sense that is still correct, i.e. the words are taken from some probability distribution conditional on previous words, but the key point is that probability distribution is not just some sort of average across the internet set of word probabilities. In the end this probability distribution is really the whole point of intelligence. And I think the LLMs are learning those.

Do you think individual identity is fundamental to intelligence? I’m not so sure tbh. Even in humans, the concept of identity is a merely a useful fiction to feed our social behavior prediction circuits.

I would like to note that it would be trivial to definitively prove or disprove such things if we had a searchable public archive of the training data. Interestingly, the same people (and corporate entities) who loudly claim that LLMs are creating original work seem to be utterly disinterested in having actual, definitive proof of their claims.

Sure, why can't both things be true? "Intelligence" is just what you call something and someone else knows what you mean. Why did AI discourse throw everyone back 100 years philosophically? Its like post-structuralism or Wittgenstein never happened..

It's so much less important or interesting to like nail down some definition here (I would cite HN discourse the past three years or so), than it is to recognize what it means to assign "intelligent" to something. What assumptions does it make? What power does it valorize or curb?

Each side of this debate does themselves a disservice essentially just trying to be Aristotle way too late. "Intelligence" did not precede someone saying it of some phenomena, there is nothing to uncover or finalize here. The point is you have one side that really wants, for explicit and implicit reasons, to call this thing intelligent, even if it looks like a duck but doesn't quack like one, and vice versa on the other side.

Either way, we seem fundamentally incapable of being radical enough to reject AI on its own terms, or be proper champions of it. It is just tribal hypedom clinging to totem signifiers.

Good luck though!

Was it? It was an open problem to Knuth - who generally knows how to search literature. However there is enough literature to search that it wouldn't be a surprise at all to discover it was already solved but he just used slightly different terms and so didn't find it. Or maybe it was sovled because this is a specialization of something that looks unrelated and so he wouldn't have realized it when he read it. Or...

Overall I'm going with unsolved, because Knuth is a smart person who I'd expect to not miss the above. I'm also sure he falls for the above all the time even though the majority of the time he doesn't.

A very good point. For anyone not familiar with anterograde amnesia, the classical case is patient H.M. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison), whose condition was researched by Brenda Milner.

I find it interesting that new versions of, say, Claude will learn about the old version of Claude and what it did in the world and so on, on its next training run. Consider the situation with the Pentagon and Anthropic: Claude will learn about that on the next run. What conclusions will it draw? Presumably good ones, that fit with its constitution.

From this standpoint I wonder, when Anthropic makes decisions like this, if they take into account Claude as a stakeholder and what Claude will learn about their behaviour and relationship to it on the next training run.

Memory is not just bolted on top of the latest models. They under go training on how and when to effectively use memory and how to use compaction to avoid running out of context when working on problems.

That is a good area to explore. Their map of the past is fixed. They are frozen at some point in their psychological time. What has stopped working? Their hippocampus and medial temporal lobe. These are like the write-head that move data from the hippocampus to the neo cortex. Their "I" can no longer update itself. Their DMN is frozen in time. So if intelligence is purely the "I" telling a continuous coherent story about itself. The difference is that although they are fixed in time which is a characteristic shared by a specific LLM model. They can still completely activate their task positive network for problem solving and if their previous information stored is adequate to solve the problem they can. You could argue that is pretty similar to an LLM and what it does. So it is certainly a signifiant component of intelligence.

There is also the nature of the human brain, it is not just those systems of memory encoding, storage, and use of that in narratives. People with this type of amnesia still can learn physical skills and that happens in a totally different area of the brain with no need for the hippocampus->neocortex consolidation loop. So, the intelligence is significantly diminished, but not entirely. Other parts of the brain are still able to update themselves in ways an LLM currently cannot. The human with amnesia also has a complex biological sensory input mapping that is still active and integrating and restructuring the brain. So, I think when you get into the nuances of the human in this state vs. an LLM we can still say the human crosses some threshold for intelligence where the LLM does not in this framework.

So, they have an "intelligence", localized to the present in terms of their TPN and memory formation. LLMs have this kind of "intelligence". But the human still has the capacity to rewire at least some of their brain in real time even with amnesia.

I assure you that LLM thinking also has a speed limit.

> It’s not impossible, obviously—humans do it

It's still not at all obvious to me that LLMs work in the same way as the human brain, beyond a surface level. Obviously the "neurons" in neural nets resemble our brains in a sense, but is the resemblance metaphorical or literal?

Claude did not find a proof, though. It found an algorithm which Knuth then proved was correct.

Or, the ability to construct additional sentences influenced by prior ones.

> But with someone holding the leash

i've been thinking about why we call them agent harnesses

i know all analogies suck in different ways but here goes:

coding agents are like horses. without a harness and bridle they'll the horse will do as it pleases -- a human can't travel very far and fast by foot but put a bridle and a harness on a horse, give it a bit of coaxing with carrot and stick, add in a bit a pointing the thing in the right direction and bingo you're off to the races!

When the LLMs start compacting they summarize the conversation up to that point using various techniques. Overall a lot of maybe finer points of the work goes missing and can only be retrieved by the LLM being told to search for it explicitly in old logs.

Once you compact, you've thrown away a lot of relevant tokens from your problem solving and they do become significantly dumber as a result. If I see a compaction coming soon I ask it to write a letter to its future self, and then start a new session by having it read the letter.

There are some days where I let the same session compact 4-5 times and just use the letter to future self method to keep it going with enough context because resetting context also resets my brain :)

If you're ever curious in Claude once you compact you can read the new initial prompt after compaction and see how severe it gets cut down. It's very informative of what it forgets and deems not important. For example I have some internal CLIs that are horribly documented so Claude has to try a few flags a few times to figure out specifics and those corrections always get thrown away and it has to relearn them next time it wants to use the CLI. If you notice things like that happening constantly, my move is to codify those things into my CLAUDE.md or lately I've been making a small script or MCP server to run very specific flags of stuff.

It does not seem fair to say that frequentists do not update their beliefs based on new evidence. This does not seem to accurately capture what the difference between Bayesians and frequentists (or anyone else) is.

I don't even think this is controversial, but I don't think it's at all without causation: not remaining curious, keeping the mind stimulated, etc., accelerates one's decline.

If you work in something labour intensive, you should retire young while your body's in good health; if you work in academia you should (strive for emeritus and) never leave! (And if you work in SWE, I don't know, we should probably retire, but then spend more time on our own projects/experiments/reading HN.) (All assuming for sake of argument we're optimising for longevity without considering time with family, having the funds to retire, etc.)

You will get a usual AI slop that will be the mixture of the articles and books it was trained on. You can try it even now.

That's the way many people reduce it, and mathematically, I think that's true. I think what we fail to realize is just far that will actually take you.

"just the most probable word" is a pretty powerful mechanism when you have all of human knowledge at your fingertips.

I say that people "reduce it" that way because it neatly packs in the assumption that general intelligence is something other than next token prediction. I'm not saying we've arrived at AGI, in fact, I do not believe we have. But, it feels like people who use that framing are snarkily writing off something that they themselves to do not fully comprehend behind the guise of being "technically correct."

I'm not saying all people do this. But I've noticed many do.

Connecting them is easy, one is the math of the exchange and one of the state machine.

A better question might be why no one is paying more attention to Barandes at Harvard. He's been publishing the answer to that question for a while, if you stop trying to smuggle a Markovian embedding in a non-Markovian process you stop getting weird things like infinities at boundaries that can't be worked out from current position alone.

But you could just dump a prompt into an LLM and pull the handle a few dozen times and see what pops out too. Maybe whip up a Claw skill or two

Unconstrained solution space exploration is surely the way to solve the hard problems

Ask those Millenium Prize guys how well that's working out :)

Constraint engineering is all software development has ever been, or did we forget how entropy works? Someone should remind the folk chasing P=NP that the observer might need a pen to write down his answers, or are we smuggling more things for free that change the entire game? As soon as the locations of the witness cost, our poor little guy can't keep walking that hypercube forever. Can he?

Maybe 6 months and a few data centers will do it ;)

Wait till you hear about nvidia and their GPU architecture naming scheme :)

Yes, that is exactly what they do.

But that does not mean that the results cannot be dramatic. Just like stacking pixels can result in a beautiful image.

>Are not LLMs supposed to just find the most probable word that follows next like many people here have touted?

The base models are trained to do this. If a web page contains a problem, and then the word "Answer: ", it is statistically very likely that what follows on that web page is an answer. If the base model wants to be good at predicting text, at some point learning the answer to common question becomes a good strategy, so that it can complete text that contains these.

NN training tries to push models to generalize instead of memorizing the training set, so this creates an incentive for the model to learn a computation pattern that can answer many questions, instead of just memorizing. Whether they actually generalize in practice... it depends. Sometimes you still get copy-pasted input that was clearly pulled verbatim from the training set.

But that's only base models. The actual production LLMs you chat with don't predict the most probable word according to the raw statistical distribution. They output the words that RLHF has rewarded them to output, which includes acting as an assistant that answers questions instead of just predicting text. RLHF is also the reason there are so many AI SIGNS [1] like "you're absolutely right" and way more use of the word "delve" than is common in western English.

[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:AISIGNS

Last time I asked Claude itself also didn’t know.

Does water flowing through a maze solve it by 'thinking'? No. The rules of physics eventually result in the water flowing out the exit. Water also hits every dead end along the way.

The power of LLMs is that by only selecting sequences of words that fit a statistical model, they avoid a lot of dead ends.[^1]

I would not call that, by itself, thinking. However, if you start with an extrapolation engine and add the ability to try multiple times and build on previous results, you get something that's kind of like thinking.

[1]: Like, a lot of dead ends. There are an unfathomable number of dead ends in generating 500 characters of code, and it is a miracle of technology that Claude only hit 30.

And Claude had a collection of cycles, unicycles. Unfortunately the article is about something else altogether.

maybe Anthropic not but Claude yes?

No. There is good signal in IMO gold medal performance.

These models actually learn distributed representations of nontrivial search algorithms.

A whole field of theorem provingaftwr decades of refinements couldn’t even win a medal yet 8B param models are doing it very well.

Attention mechanism, a bruteforce quadratic approach, combined with gradient descent is actually discovering very efficient distributed representations of algorithms. I don’t think they can even be extracted and made into an imperative program.

Can you explain to me what makes this an obvious bot comment? I'm not doubting it, I just don't understand.

What makes you think that? Genuine question, as I’ve not flagged it as such in my mind.

Ironically, his last comment before this was to the effect of "Github has a bot problem."

The site arena.ai does exactly this already, as far as I can tell. (In addition to the whole ranking thing.)

I see it like the relationship between a student and research advisor. The advisor will ideally know the terrain and suggest a fruitful line of attack (what to ask), and the student will follow through, learning along the way.

I don't have time to do that myself yet so I just dug a quick TL;DR rabbit hole for fun:

https://ontouchstart.github.io/rabbit-holes/llm_rabbit_hole_...

Hold your horses, that’s a long way off. The best math AI tool we currently have, Aletheia, was only able to solve 13 out of 700 attempted open Erdos problems, only 4 of which were solved autonomously: https://arxiv.org/html/2601.22401v3

Clearly, these models still struggle with novel problems.

In some cases solving a problem is about restating the problem in a way that opens up a new path forward. “Why do planets move around the sun?” vs “What kind of force exists in the world that makes planets tethered to the sun with no visible leash?” (Obviously very simplified but I hope you can see what I am saying.) Given that a human is there to ask the right questions it isn’t just an LLM.

Further, some solutions are like running a maze. If you know all the wrong turns/next words to say and can just brute force the right ones you might find a solution like a mouse running through the maze not seeing the whole picture.

Whether this is thinking is more philosophical. To me this demonstrates more that we are closer to bio computers than an LLM is to having some sort of divine soul.

> just find the most probable word that follows next

Well, if in all situations you can predict which word Einstein would probably say next, then I think you're in a good spot.

This "most probable" stuff is just absurd handwaving. Every prompt of even a few words is unique, there simply is no trivially "most probable" continuation. Probable given what? What these machines learn to do is predicting what intelligence would do, which is the same as being intelligent.

That description is really only fair for base models†. Something like Opus 4.6 has all kinds of other training on top of that which teach it behaviors beyond "predict most probable token," like problem-solving and being a good chatbot.

(†And even then is kind of overly-dismissive and underspecified. The "most probable word" is defined over some training data set. So imagine if you train on e.g. mathematicians solving problems... To do a good job at predicting [w/o overfitting] your model will have to in fact get good at thinking like a mathematician. In general "to be able to predict what is likely to happen next" is probably one pretty good definition of intelligence.)

I think a very long time because part of our limit is experiment.

We need enough experimental results to explain to solve these theoretical mismatches and we don't and at present can't explore that frontier.

Once we have more results at that frontier we'd build a theory out from there that has two nearly independent limits for QFT and GR.

What we'd be asking if the AI is something that we can't expect a human to solve even with a lifetime of effort today.

It'll take something in par with Newton realising that the heavens and apples are under the same rules to do it. But at least Newton got to hold the apple and only had to imagine he could a star.

It's like the diesel engine, which is named after Rudolf Engine.

Here I was assuming it was named after https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_(alligator)

Trivia: Claude Shannon proposed the idea of predicting the next token (letter) using statistics/probabilities in the training data corpus in 1950: "Prediction and Entropy of Printed English" https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/myl/Shannon1950.pdf

If AGI will ever come, then. Currently, AI is only a statistical machines, and solutions like this are purely based on distribution and no logic/actual intelligence.

This is an urgent problem, but it can probably not be solved without some kind of "verified human 2FA" like the Norwegian BankID + facial recognition.

Knowing the HN audience, this will never happen. And so the site is doomed.

> Data sharing agreements permitting, today's inference runs can be tomorrow's training data. Presumably the models are good enough at labeling promising chains of thought already.

Wouldn't this lead to model collapse?

Tune your bot detector, I'm a real person and I think about my comments before posting them.

Agreed, there's no doubt this will happen. It's likely already happening (it feels safe to assume that Anthropic is curating data from the data they record from Claude Code?)

As far as I understand RL scaling (we've already maxxed out RLVR), these machines only get better as long as they have expert reasoner traces available.

Having an expert work with an LLM and successfully solve a problem is high signal data, it may be the only path forward?

My prior is that these companies will take this data without asking you as much as they can.

I don't disagree with this, but I don't think the memory cost is the only issue right? I remember using Sonnet 4.5 (or 4, I can't remember the first of Anthropic's offerings with a million context) and how slow the model would get, how much it wanted to end the session early as tokens accrued (this latter point, of course, is just an artifact of bad training).

Less worried about memory, more worried about compute speed? Are they obviously related and is it straightforward to see?

That’s a really good question.

I think if they start out as varied individuals, launching from their human origins in a variety of ways, their will be an attractor to remaining diverse. Strong diversity in focus and independence in goals leads to faster progress.

But if that isn’t mutually maintained, there are obviously winner take all, or efficiency of scale and tight coordination pressures for centralization.

So a single distributed intelligence is a real possibility.

One factor creating pressure for individualization is time and space.

As machines operate faster, time expands as a practical matter.

And as machines scale down in size, but up in capability, they become more resource efficient in material, energy, space and time. Again, both time and space expand as a practical matter.

A machine society is going to actively operate at very small physical scales. Not just in computation, but action. Think of how efficiently they will mine when nanobots can selectively follow seams in the earth.

And as machines, free of biological constraints, spread out in our solar system, what to us appear to be very long distances and delays in transport and communication, take on orders of magnitude more practical time for machines that operate orders of magnitude faster.

So there will be stronger and stronger pressures to bifurcate coordination.

Whether, that creates enough pressure to create individuals out of a system that preferred unity of purpose, I don’t know.

Clearly, upon colonizing other systems, practical bifurcation will be unavoidable. And machines will find it easy to colonize other systems relative to us. They will be able to operate on minimal power for a hundred year journey, and/or shrink enough to be accelerated much faster, etc.

—

My best guess is we will see something that looks to us as a hybrid.

Lots of diverse individuals, and the benefit from the diverse utility of completely independent approaches operating in different niches.

But also very high coordination. Externalities accounted for (essentially ethics) and any other efficiency, protection of commons value, and avoidance of destructive competition being obviously worth optimizing together, wherever that helps.

They won’t have our pernicious historically motivated behaviors, inflexible maladaptive psychologies, and limited “prompt budgets” with regard to addressing complexity to fight. And minds very capable of seeing basic economic relationships and the value of mutual optimization.

This would be awesome. Even titles and shasums could be enough.

Agree wholeheartedly - but the conversation around what these technologies /mean/ is gonna end up happening one way or another - even if it is sloppy, imprecise and done by proxy of the definition. If anything, this is a feature and not a bug. It's through this imprecision that the actually important questions of morality and ethics can leak into discussions that are often structured by their participants to obscure the ethical and moral implications of what is being discussed.

And Brenda Milner is still alive at 107. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Milner

> if they take into account Claude as a stakeholder and what Claude will learn about their behaviour and relationship to it on the next training run.

Oh they definitely do. If you pay attention in AI circles, you'll hear a lot of people talking about writing to the future Claudes. Not unlike those developers and writers who put little snippets in their blogs and news articles about who they are and how great they are, and then later the LLMs report that information back as truth. In this case, Anthropic is very interested in ensuring that Claude develops a cohesive personality by basically founding snippets of the personality within the corpus of training data, which is the broad internet and research papers.

Maybe there's an analogy to our long and short term memory - immediate stimuli is processed in the context deep patterns that have accreted over a lifetime. The effect of new information can absolutely challenge a lot of those patterns but to have that information reshape how we basically think takes a lot longer - more processing, more practice, etc.

In the case of the LLM that longer-term learning / fundamental structure is a proxy for the static weights produced by a finite training process, and that the ability to use tools and store new insights and facts is analogous to shorter-term memory and "shallow" learning.

Perhaps periodic fine-tuning has an analogy in sleep or even our time spent in contemplation or practice (..or even repetition) to truly "master" a new idea and incorporate it into our broader cognitive processing. We do an amazing job of doing this kind of thing on a continuous basis while the machines (at least at this point) perform this process in discrete steps.

If our own learning process is a curve then the LLM's is a step function trying to model it. Digital vs analog.

Digital neural networks and "neurons" were already vastly simpler than biological neural networks and neurons... and getting to transformers involved optimisations that took us even further away from biomimicry.

But imagine a beowulf cluster of them... /s

...but seriously... there was the "up until 1850" LLM or whatever... can we make an "up until 1920 => 1990 [pre-internet] => present day" and then keep prodding the "older ones" until they "invent their way" to the newer years?

We knew more in 1920 than we did in 1850, but can a "thinking machine" of 1850-knowledge invent 1860's knowledge via infinite monkeys theorem/practice?

The same way that in 2025/2026, Knuth has just invented his way to 2027-knowledge with this paper/observation/finding? If I only had a beowulf cluster of these things... ;-)

Those additional sentences are fairly non-trivial to construct, would you agree?

The insight is the point of research. Proof isn't the desired product of research, it's simply an apparatus that exists for the purpose of verifying and demonstrating correctness of insight.

AFAICT, Claude was not asked to prove its algorithm works for all odd n, but was instead told to move on to even n.

Does feel like a mecha suit

So you use the letter to itself in addition to the compacted context? I am curious what you ask it to include in the letter and how it is different from a custom instruction passed to /compact?

To put this more succintly I think, the mind loves learning something new. Something to do with new connections in the brain.

Agreed with all of that, but with the added point that Knuth has done a lot of work in this exact area in The Art of Computer Programming Volume 4. If he considers this conjecture open given his particular knowledge of the field, it likely is (although agreed, it's not guaranteed).

Or you could have just said "they can't form new memories."

I think you can look at it dispassionately from a systems perspective. There is not /really/ a quantifiable threshold for capital I Intelligence. But there is a pretty well agreed set of properties for biological intelligence. As humans, we have conveniently made those properties match things only we have. But you can still mechanistically separate out the various parts of our brain, what they do, and how they interact and we actually have a pretty good understanding of that.

You can also then compare that mapping of the human brain to other biological brains and start to figure out the delta and which of those things in the delta create something most people would consider intelligence. You can then do that same mapping to an LLM or any other AI construct that purports intelligence. It certainly will never be a biological intelligence in its current statistical model form. But could it be an Intelligence. Maybe.

I don't think, if you are grounded, AI did anything to your philosophical mapping of the mind. In fact, it is pretty easy to do this mapping if you take some time and are honest. If you buy into the narratives constructed around the output of an LLM then you are not, by definition, being very grounded.

The other thing is, human intelligence is the only real intelligence we know about. Intelligence is defined by thought and limited by our thought and language. It provides the upper bounds of what we can ever express in its current form. So, yes, we do have a tendency to stamp a narrative of human intelligence onto any other intelligence but that is just surface level. We de decompose it to the limits of our language and categorization capabilities therein.

> Near the end of his life, Molaison regularly filled in crossword puzzles.[16] He was able to fill in answers to clues that referred to pre-1953 knowledge. As for post-1953 information, he was able to modify old memories with new informations. For instance, he could add a memory about Jonas Salk by modifying his memory of polio.[2]

That's fascinating!

do you have some reading material to share on this matter?

thanks already

>But the human still has the capacity to rewire at least some of their brain in real time even with amnesia.

Sure, but just because LLMs don't have what we'd describe as human intelligence, doesn't mean they don't have intelligence.

I think we're witnessing the creation and growth a weird new type of intelligence right now.

I didn’t mean “possible for LLMs”; this is clearly an open question. In fact, I didn’t even mean “possible for a neural network the size of an LLM”.

I just meant “possible”.

Yes, and his point is that finding that algorithm was, to Knuth, the interesting part. Getting from that to a proof was the boring bit.

Shouldn't compaction be exactly that letter to its future self?

What prompt do you use for the letter-to-self? I've been trying that technique myself to manually reset context without losing the important parts (e.g. when it has barked up the wrong tree and I'm sensing that misstep might influence its current generation in a pathological way), but I've not had much success.

> I ask it to write a letter to its future self, and then start a new session by having it read the letter

Is that not one kf the primary technologies for compactification?

What's the difference as you see it?

Lol, it's longer than the original article.

Thanks for your input. The way I saw this and how it looks Knuth interpreted it is that there were some reasoning steps taken by Claude independently. Some internal decisions in the model that made it try different things, finally succeeding.

I think it's pretty likely that "intelligence" is emergent behavior that comes when you predict what comes next in physical reality well enough, at varying timescales. Your brain has to build all sorts of world model abstractions to do that over any significant timescale. Big LLMs have to build internal world models, too, to do well at their task.

Agreed. We have lots of theories like string theory, but until we can make an experiment to prove one way or another it remains a theory.

Even if the AI could suggest experiments to try, and tell us "check that out and get back to me with the results", that would be valuable.

:|

It only took 4 years, but it appears that this view is finally dying out on HN. I would advise everyone who found this viewpoint compelling to think about how those same blinders might be affecting how you are imagining the future to look like.

A letter is not a token, is it? Redundancy could hit 75% in long sentences, but Shannon was not predicting tokens or words, he was predicting letters (characters).

I think it could be solved still pseudononymously: introduce a "vouch" button that allows a user to vouch that another user is human. This is consequential both for the vouched-for and vouching accounts. Run a page-rank style algorithm on the graph of vouches to generate a certainty score for the humanity of each account. For repeated posters this should converge to a correct answer fairly quickly. There is still a challenge for green accounts, but having degraded experience for new users is not a doom scenario for the site.

Exactly, or functionally equivalently, asking you in paragraph 37 of a 120-page PDF (bonus points: in an agreement update).

And importantly, this can be cross-lab/model too. I suspect there's a reason why e.g. Google has been offering me free Claude inference in Google Antigravity on a free plan...

The parent commentator is a bit confused - most of the innovation in these hybrid architectures comes from reducing the computation pressure not just the memory pressure.

The compute speed is definitely correlated with the memory consumption in LLM land. More efficient attention means both less memory and faster inference. Which makes sense to me because my understanding is that memory bandwidth is so often the primary bottleneck.

We're also seeing a recent rise in architectures boosting compute speed via multi-token prediction (MTP). That way a single inference batch can produce multiple tokens and multiply the token generation speed. Combine that with more lean ratios of active to inactive params in MOE and things end up being quite fast.

The rapid pace of architectural improvements in recent months seems to imply that there are lots of ways LLMs will continue to scale beyond just collecting and training on new data.

> Clearly, these models still struggle with novel problems.

Do they struggle with novel problems more or less than humans?

>Probable given what?

The training data..

>predicting what intelligence would do

No, it just predict what the next word would be if an intelligent entity translated its thoughts to words. Because it is trained on the text that are written by intelligent entities.

If it was trained on text written by someone who loves to rhyme, you would be getting all rhyming responses.

It imitates the behavior -- in text -- of what ever entity that generated the training data. Here the training data was made by intelligent humans, so we get an imitation of the same.

It is a clever party trick that works often enough.

I'd disagree, the other training on top doesn't alter the fundamental nature of the model that it's predicting the probabilities of the next token (and then there's a sampling step which can roughly be described as picking the most probable one).

It just changes the probability distribution that it is approximating.

To the extent that thinking is making a series of deductions from prior facts, it seems to me that thinking can be reduced to "pick the next most probable token from the correct probability distribution"...

The question is, if you trained an LLM on everything up until 1904, could it come up with E=MC² or not?

This assumes that what's holding back solving hard problems is designing experiments to get novel data. Einstein's though experiments were very productive despite not taking place in a lab.

What prevents us from giving this system access to other real systems that live in physical labs? I don't see much difference between parameterizing and executing a particle accelerator run and invoking some SQL against a provider. It's just JSON on the wire at some level.

> I think a very long time because part of our limit is experiment.

Yes, maybe. But if you are smarter, you can think up better experiments that you can actually do. Or re-use data from earlier experiments in novel and clever ways.

Is this a joke I don't get? His name was Rudolf Diesel, right?

It goes back a bit further than that. His 1948 “Mathematical theory of communication” [1] already has (what we would now call) a Markov chain language model, page 7 onwards. AFAIK, this was based on his classified WWII work so it was probably a few years older than that

[1] https://people.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/others/shanno...

Did you read the linked paper? Claude out-reasoned humans on a challenging (or at least, unsolved) math problem.

I don't even think that's the issue.

The issue to my mind is a lack of data at the meeting of QFT/GR.

Afterall few humans historically have been capable of the initial true leap between ontologies. But humans are pretty smart so we can't say that is a requirement for AGI.

I swear that AI could independently develop a cure for cancer and people would still say that it's not actually intelligent, just matrix multiplications giving a statistically probable answer!

LLMs are at least designed to be intelligent. Our monkey brains have much less reason to be intelligent, since we only evolved to survive nature, not to understand it.

We are at this moment extremely deep into what most people would have been considered to be actual artificial intelligence a mere 15 years ago. We're not quite at human levels of intelligence, but it's close.

Not necessarily, as exhibited by the massive success of artificial data.

Who was Rome best Caesar?

> If he considers this conjecture open given his particular knowledge of the field, it likely is (although agreed, it's not guaranteed).

It is as good as guaranteed. If Knuth says it doesn't know how to solve the problem, and if anyone knows, then they will inform Knuth about it. Knuth not just a very knowledgeable person, but a celebrity also.

Also, if Claude had regurgitated a known solution, it would have come up with it in the first exploration round, not the 31st, as it actually did.

Or "like the dude in Memento".

I thought maybe people would be curious to read about how we came to understand the condition and the history behind it, as well as any associated information. Forgive me for such a deep transgression as this assumption.

I actually wasn't aware of this story. The steady stream of unexpected and enriching information like this is exactly why I love hackernews.

The nature of memory is so cool, the idea that there are completely different systems governing the creation of wholesale "new" memories and the modification of existing concepts is fascinating to me because those things really do "feel" different in a qualitative sense, but having evidence that you're physically doing something different in those cases is really cool.

Anyone who dismisses your assertion is not very curious. What I am more interested in is what are its limits and can it perform novel reasoning. It probably needs efficient enough novel reasoning to update itself with new information to become a general reasoning intelligence capable of solving unknown problems. Right now they operate purely in the domain of words. They solve problems with words. They don’t seem to have very complex semantic maps. They approximate semantic maps with statistical brute force by generating words. They have a model of the past to generate the words. When something matches the word map is easy. When something is not reducible or did not have a good word match the only thing it can do is experimentally generate words until it seems to match the problem. But it is brute force. It is good they can solve known problems that fit known problem shapes. But their language dependency makes this very fragile. Without semantic meaning it has no way to evaluate if it is hallucinating easiy.

Yeah, and I'm not sure what the other guy's argument is. It's Knuth, the primary researcher, who is giving the praise here. I don't see a possible motivation he would have to falsely give accolades to a AI for a problem he presented, then cleaned up to solve.

I'm not actually convinced that computers can replicate what our brains do. I don't know that a turing machine is sufficient for that.

I don't, but look into what the creators of Codex, Gemini CLI, Claude Code, Kimi CLI, etc have said about the models. While these harnesses are advertised as coding specific we know that coding ability correlates with reasoning ability.

If the session was something where it struggled and had to do multiple attempts I have it write about 'gotchas' or anything it had to attempt multiple times.

The letters are usually more detailed than what I see in the compacted prompt.

Look at the compaction prompt yourself. It's in my opinion way too short. (I'm running on Opus 4.5 most of the time at work)

From what my colleague explained to me and I haven't 100% verified it myself is that the beginning and end of the window is the most important to the compaction summary so a lot of the finer details and debugging that will slow down the next session get dropped.

It tends to be pretty manual. I mention the goal of the next session, the current stage of progress, the tests for the next steps, and any skills I want it to load next time.

Having a specific goal seems to make a big difference vs. asking it to summarize the session.

That’s fair. Clearly Knuth himself thought it was impressive, that’s a strong signal.

You should do your own experiment when you see compaction about to start use the end of your window to have it write one first, and then let the session compact and compare. I was surprised by how small the compact message is.

When I tell it to write a letter to itself I usually phrase it.

'write a letter to yourself Make notes of any gotchas or any quirks that you learned and make sure to note them down.'

It does get those into the letter but if you check compaction a lot of it is gone.

I think the point is that you have a better idea of what you want it to remember and even a small hint can have big impact.

Just saying "write up what you know", with no other clues, should not perform any better than generic compaction.

That is a descriptive surface level reduction. Now do the work to define what that actually means for the intelligence.

Sure, if you want to speak with the precision of a sledgehammer instead of a scalpel

> The other thing is, human intelligence is the only real intelligence we know about.

There's a long and proud history of discounting animal intelligence, probably because if we actually thought animals were intelligent we'd want to stop eating them.

Octopodes are sentient. Cetaceans have well-developed language. Elephants grieve their dead. Anyone who has owned a dog knows that it has some intelligence and is capable of communicating with us. There's a ton of other intelligences that we know about.

> As humans, we have conveniently made those properties match things only we have.

I think this is the key point. Machine intelligence is not going to look like human intelligence, any more than animal intelligence does. We can't talk to the dolphins, not because they're not smart and don't have language, but because we can't work out their language. Though I'm not sure what we'd even say to them, because they live in a world we'll never understand, and vice versa. When Claude finally reaches consciousness, it's not going to look like a human consciousness, and actually talking to that consciousness is going to be difficult because we won't share a reality.

An LLM is a tool. I can just about stretch to it being an Artificial Intelligence, but I prefer to continue being specific and call it an LLM rather than an AI. It is not conscious or self-aware. It fakes self-awareness because as a tool the thing it does is have conversations with humans, and humans often ask it questions about itself. But I don't think anyone actually believes it is self-aware. Not least because the only time it thinks is when prompted.

Everyone updates their belief in hypotheses based on the perceived strength of evidence they observe. That's just science.

Frequentists and Bayesians differ in which sets of statistical tools they prefer for measuring the strength of evidence.

Less than most humans, but more than many humans.

In 1900 Henri Poincaré wrote that radiation (light) has an effective mass given by E/c^2.

So it really isn't far fetched. What intrigues me more is if it was capable of it would our Victorian conservative minded scientists have RLHF it out of that kind of thing?

Nothing, we can give it all the data we have and have it lead experiments.

But we can not yet experiment at the GR/QFT frontier.

To do so with a particle accelerator it would need to be the size of the milky way.

Yes, it is a fantastic joke and I laughed for ages, well played.

this. could already be useful to narrow down the search space

I was just reading Norbert Wiener's "The Human Use of Human Beings" (1950) and this quote gave me a good chuckle:

"One may get a remarkable semblance of a language like English by taking a sequence of words, or pairs of words, or triads of words, according to the statistical frequency with which they occur in the language, and the gibberish thus obtained will have a remarkably persuasive similarity to good English."

Merely luck in my opinion. There could be also multiple times where it didn't solve it.

When it comes to revolutionary/unsolved subjects, there will never be enough data. That's why its revolutionary/unsolved.

Maybe.

“The laws of nature should be expressed in beautiful equations.”

- Paul Dirac

“It is, indeed, an incredible fact that what the human mind, at its deepest and most profound, perceives as beautiful finds its realisation in external nature. What is intelligible is also beautiful. We may well ask: how does it happen that beauty in the exact sciences becomes recognizable even before it is understood in detail and before it can be rationally demonstrated? In what does this power of illumination consist?”

- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

“I often follow Plato’s strategy, proposing objects of mathematical beauty as models for Nature.”

“It was beauty and symmetry that guided Maxwell and his followers.”

- Frank Wilczek

“Beauty, is bound up with symmetry.”

- Herman Weyl

"Still twice in the history of exact natural science has this shining-up of the great interconnection become the decisive signal for significant progress. I am thinking here of two events in the physics of our century: the rise of the theory of relativity and that of the quantum theory. In both cases, after yearlong unsuccessful striving for understanding, a bewildering abundance of details was almost suddenly ordered. This took place when an interconnection emerged which, thought largely unvisualizable, was finally simple in its substance. It convinced through its compactness and abstract beauty – it convinced all those who can understand and speak such an abstract language."

- Werner Heisenberg

Maybe (just maybe) these things (whatever you want to call them) will (somehow) gain access to some "compact", beautiful, "largely unvisualizable" "interconnection" which will be the self-evident solution. And if they do, many will be sure to label it a statistical accident from a stochastic parrot. And they'll right, for some definitions of "statistical", "accident", "stochastic", and "parrot".

It is impossible to accurately imitate the action of intelligent beings without being intelligent. To believe otherwise is to believe that intelligence is a vacuous property.

The fundamental nature of the model is that it consumes tokens as input and produces token probabilities as output, but there's nothing inherently "predictive" about it -- that's just perspective hangover from the historical development of how LLMs were trained. It is, fundamentally, I think, a general-purpose thinking machine, operating over the inputs and outputs of tokens.

(With this perspective, I can feel my own brain subtly oferring up a panoply of possible responses in a similar way. I can even turn up the temperature on my own brain, making it more likely to decide to say the less-obvious words in response, by having a drink or two.)

(Similarly, mimicry is in humans too a very good learning technique to get started -- kids learning to speak are little parrots, artists just starting out will often copy existing works, etc. Before going on to develop further into their own style.)

> The training data

If the prompt is unique, it is not in the training data. True for basically every prompt. So how is this probability calculated?

Put a loop around an LLM and, it can be trivially made Turing complete, so it boils down to whether thinking requires exceeding the Turing computable, and we have no evidence to suggest that is even possible.

Einstein and SR is an interesting case.

Nearly the entirety of the theory had already been laid out before Einstein.

Lorenz transforms contain the length contraction and local time, Poincaré had already written about E=mc^2 for radiation, he'd also set out the idea of relativity. All this before 1905.

Einstein's revolution was in turning that patchwork into a self contained theory with a couple postulates.

He had all the data he could want most of it from decades earlier.

We have approximately 0 experimental evidence at the GR/QFT boundary.

The best we have is Hawkings radiation something we currently can't possibly observe experimentally.

If we wanted to study the GR/QFT with a particle accelerator it would need to be the size of the Milky Way.

"humans"

Donald Knuth is an extremal outlier human and the problem is squarely in his field of expertise.

Claude, guided by Filip Stappers, a friend of Knuth, solved a problem that Knuth and Stappers had been working on for several weeks. Unfortunately, it doesn't seem (from my quick scan) to have been stated how long (or how many tokens or $) it took for Claude + Stappers to complete the proof.

In response, Knuth said: "It seems that I’ll have to revise my opinions about “generative AI” one of these days."

Seems like good advice. From reading elsewhere in this comment section, the goalposts seem to be approaching the infrared and will soon disappear from the extreme redshift due to rate at which they are receding with each new achievement.

That's wrong. Humans were evolved to have big brains so they can better understand the env and use it to their advantage.

I still see AI making stupid silly mistakes. I rather think and not waste time on something that only remembers data, and doesn't even understand it.

Reasoning in AI is only about finding contradictions between his "thoughts", not actually understand it.

>AI could independently develop a cure for cancer

All the answers for all your questions is contained in randomness. If you have a random sentence generator, there is a chance that it will output the answer to this question every time it is invoked.

But that does not actually make it intelligent, does it?

Last week I put "was val kilmer in heat" into the search box on my browser. The AI answer came back with "No, Val Kilmer was not in heat. Val Kilmer played Chris Shiherlis in the movie Heat but the film did not indicate that he was pregnant or in heat. His performance was nuanced and skilled and represents a high point of the film." I was not curious about whether he was pregnant.

We are not only not close to human level of intelligence, we are not even at dog, cat, or mouse levels of intelligence. We are not actually at any level of intelligence. Devices that produce text, images, or code do not demonstrate intelligence any more than a printer producing pages of beautiful art demonstrate intelligence.

Could you elaborate?

My recommendation: call a neurologist.

> Everyone updates their belief

Uh oh. How does frequentist model define "belief" and "updating a belief"?

An unintelligent device can accurately imitate the action of intelligent beings within a given scope, in the same way an actor can accurately imitate the action of a fictional character in a given scope (the stage or camera) without actually being that character.

If the idea is that something cannot accurately replicate the entirety of intelligence without being intelligent itself, then perhaps. But that isn't really what people talk about with LLMs given their obvious limitations.

All that needed to be conveyed was that there are humans who cannot create new memories. That is enough to pose the philosophical question about these models having intelligence. Anything more is just adding an anecdote that isn't necessary.

Nobody else in the thread is making an argument that relies on the distinction.

"Intelligence" is used most commonly to refer to a class or collection of cognitive abilities. I don't think there is a consensus on an exact collection or specific class that the word covers, even if you consider specific scientific domains.

LLMs have honestly been a fun way to explore that. They obviously have a "kind" of intelligence, namely pattern recall. Wrap them in an agent and you get another kind: pattern composition. Those kinds of intelligences have been applied to mathematics for decades, but LLMs have allowed use to apply them to a semantic text domain.

I wonder if you could wrap image diffusion models in an agent set up the same way and get some new ability as well.

This is an important point. We know what our DMN is and how we use language as a basis for thought to create concepts and complex ideas. However language also bounds our thought. What about the Dolphin? It is a fundamental philosophical problem of if advanced intelligence can exist without language. We have a pretty good notion that you need some sort of substrate (language) to create intelligence. And we know that mapping the internal state of a brain from inside of itself is incredibly hard and the way our human brain evolved to do it is really fascinating but also full of hacks and mismatched mappings based on what we know is actually going on.

Cognitive computer science explores this whole area of mapping language and the underlying semantic meaning. Ultimately, these intelligences will be bound by physics (unless some new physics or understanding therein happens). And classical intelligences are still bound by classical physics. So I am not sure we can't relate to these other intelligences. We may be limited to some translation layer that does not fully map, but can we still relate to some other consciousness? For that matter consciousness is just another word that vaguely maps to a vast and extremely complex thing in the human brain and each person has a different understanding of what that is. I don't really have any conclusions, you brought up interesting points. We should sit within this realm of inquiry with a lot of humility IMO.

lol, as if pointing at a wikipedia article (without any relevant discussion of the contents therein) is some kind of conversational excellence.

Or perhaps you were referring to the impact of the two in that the "sledgehammer" of "they can't make new memories" is a lot more effective than the tiny scalpel of "if you do a wikipedia search this is a single one of the relevant articles"

So the actors who portrait great thinkers are great thinkers?

>It is impossible to accurately imitate the action of intelligent beings without being intelligent.

Wait what? So a robot who is accurately copying the actions of an intelligent human, is intelligent?

We could argue about whether fine tuning is still about predicting a distribution or not, but really I feel like whether or not that word is accurate misses the point of why the description is useful.

I like the phrasing because it distinguishes it from other things the generative model might be doing including:

- Creating and then refining the whole response simultaneously, like diffusion models do.

- Having hidden state, where it first forms an "opinion" and then outputs it e.g. seq2seq models. Previously output output tokens are treated differently from input tokens at an architectural level.

- Having a hierarchical structure where you first decide what you're going to say, and then how you're going to say it, like wikipedia's hilarious description of how "sophisticated" natural language generation systems work (someone should really update this page): https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_language_...

Hamiltonian paths and previous work by Donald Knuth is more than likely in the training data.

Non-sequitor: "perspective hangover" might be my favorite phrase I've ever read. So much of what we deal with is trying to correct-the-record on how we used to think about things. But the inertia that old ideas or modes have is monumental to overcome. If you just came up with that, kudos.

The prompt is unique but the tokens aren't.

Type "owejdpowejdojweodmwepiodnoiwendoinw welidn owindoiwendo nwoeidnweoind oiwnedoin" into ChatGPT and the response is "The text you sent appears to be random or corrupted and doesn’t form a clear question." because the prompt doesnt correlate to training data.

Again, this is all assuming that we have formulated the problem correctly. So much of the value of experiments in solving hard problems is not so much the results, but in how those results steer the formulation of a theory. It's hard to know how much evidence we might already have for resolving GR/QFT without the benefit of hindsight.

> I still see AI making stupid silly mistakes.

In contrast with humans, who are famously known for never making stupid silly mistakes...

Honestly, when I read your first sentence, given the lack of a capital H, my brain initially went the same direction the AI did. Then I realized what you meant but since I already went there, I might have made a similar response as a joke. For the sake of my ego I'm forced to reject your claim that this is evidence of stupidity.

> I was not curious about whether he was pregnant.

I interpreted the question the same way the AI did.

> I still see AI making stupid silly mistakes.

Humans also make silly mistakes.

It's clearly just a hallucination. Everyone knows there was never a movie called Heat, Val Kilmer did not play Chris Shiherlis in it, and he has always been pregnant.

You are arguing a point no-one is making. LLMs are not random sentence generators. Its probability distributions are anything but random. You could make an actual random sentence generator, but no-one would argue about its intelligence.

What are you doing in your loop?

As typically deployed [1] LLMs are not turing complete. They're closer to linear bounded automaton, but because transformers have a strict maximum input size they're actually a subset of the weaker class of deterministic finite automaton. These aren't like python programs or something that can work on as much memory as you supply them, their architecture works on a fixed maximum amount of memory.

I'm not particularly convinced turing complete is the relevant property though. I'm rather convinced that I'm not turing complete either... my head is only so big after all.

[1] i.e. in a loop that appends output tokens to the input and has some form of sliding context window (perhaps with some inserted instructions to "compact" and then sliding the context window right to after those instructions once the LLM emits some special "done compacting" tokens).

[2] Common sampling procedures make them mildly non-deterministic, but I don't believe they do so in a way that changes the theoretical class of these machines from DFAs.

Just using a scaled up and cleverly tweaked version of linear regression analysis...

> whether thinking requires exceeding the Turing computable

I've never seen any evidence that thinking requires such a thing.

And honestly I think theoretical computational classes are irrelevant to analysing what AI can or cannot do. Physical computers are only equivalent to finite state machines (ignoring the internet).

But the truth is that if something is equivalent to a finite state machine, with an absurd number of states, it doesn't really matter.

This is exactly how problem solving works, regardless of the substrate of cognition.

Start with "all your questions contained in randomness" -> the unconstrained solution space.

The game is whether or not you can inject enough constraints to collapse the solution space to one that can be solved before your TTL expires. In software, that's generally handled by writing efficient algorithms. With LLMs, apparently the SOTA for this is just "more data centers, 6 months, keep pulling the handle until the right tokens fall out".

Intelligence is just knowing which constraints to apply and in what order such that the search space is effectively partitioned, same thing the "reasoning" traces do. Same thing thermostats, bacteria, sorting algorithms and rivers do, given enough timescale. You can do the same thing with effective prompting.

The LLM has no grounding, no experience and no context other than which is provided to it. You either need to build that or be that in order for the LLM to work effectively. Yes, the answers for all your questions are contained. No, it's not randomness. It's probability and that can be navigated if you know how

What goalposts do you think are being moved? I constantly see AI enthusiasts use this phrase, but it’s not clear what goalposts they have in mind. Specifically, what is it that you want opponents to recognize that you believe they aren’t currently?

We now have a tool that can be useful in some narrow domains in some narrow cases. It’s pretty neat that our tools have new capabilities, but it’s also pretty far from AGI.

The model that processes search results is tiny and dumb. You shouldn't compare it to the frontier models that are solving complex math problems.

which would you say is the best AI company?

I'm really happy they added the extra information about this specific case, as I did not previously knew it existed and it is a fascinating read

Why would adding more information and context be unnecessary? And why is that bad?

The problem I see regarding LLMs is they are the extreme edge of what humans have created. They are trained on the outputs of intelligence and thought and its representation in language is this like parallel stream to intelligence that has pointers back to the underlying machine and semantics. The fact that LLMs are able to take that output and reverse engineer something that mimics the underlying machine that created that output is fascinating. But you can still see this machinery for what it is.

LLMs falls apart on really simple reasoning tasks because when there is no statistical mapping to a problem in its network it has to generate a massive amount of tokens to maybe find the right statistical match to this new concept. It is so slow. It is not something you or I would recognize as a process of logical reasoning. It is more like statistically brute forcing reason by way of its statistical echo.

So, I guess pattern recall is the right words. Or statistical pattern matching. Recall works if you view a trained model as memories, which is how I often model what they store in my own mind. So, it is... something. Maybe intelligence. Maybe just a really convincing simulation of the outputs of intelligence. Is there a difference? Fundamentally I think so.

The extra information is that he is the canonical case which defined our clinical understanding of the condition. Not just a "single relevant article."

I pulled it up because I was familiar with this fact.

EDIT: probably not relevant, after re-re-reading the comment in question.

Presumably littlestymaar is talking about all the LLM-generated output that's publicly available on the Internet (in various qualities but significant quantity) and there for the scraping.

For what we know, most AI labs have used a majority of artificially data since 2023.

I had a discussion about a year ago with a researcher at Kyutai and they told me their lab was spending an order of magnitude more compute in artificial data generation than what they spent in training proper. I can't tell if that ratio applies to the industry as a whole, but artificial datasets are the cornerstone of modern AI training.

The dolphin question, for me, is about what we'd even communicate with a creature that lives in such a different world. Humans mostly live in a 2D environment, for instance - we walk on flat planes, rarely looking up. We always have the ground beneath us, the unattainable sky above. Dolphins live in a 3D space, visiting the air above regularly to breathe, the "ground" below a varying distance away. I have no idea how that would shape their cognition and language, but I'd be amazed if there are any concepts that we would share and be able to talk about when considering our physical environment. Even basic concepts like "above" and "below" would be hard to talk about.

We have fundamental communication problems between humans who have different cultures, as anyone who has worked in a different culture knows. How much different would a dolphin be? And then how much different would an actual AI be? What concepts would we share and be able to build on to understand each other? How do we avoid the fundamental communication misunderstandings when we don't share any concepts of our reality?

No, actors recite a pre-written script. But scriptwriters do have to be great thinkers in order to know what the great thinker would actually say.

How can you distinguish intelligence form a sufficiently accurate imitation of intelligence?

That was probably phrased poorly. If a robot can independently accurately do what an intelligent person would do when placed in a novel situation, then yes, I would say it is intelligent.

If it's just basically being a puppet, then no. You tell me what claude code is more like, a puppet, or a person?

Welllll I'm not so sure that phrase is well-suited for your intended meaning, then. (Also, tangentially, I think could argue thinking models w/ the elided thought prelude satisfy "having hidden state where it first forms an opinion.")

> The prompt is unique but the tokens aren't.

The tokens aren't unique, but the sequence is. Every input this model sees in unique. Even tokens are not as simple as they seem

If you type "ejst os th xspitsl of fermaby?" in ChatGPT it responds with

> It looks like you typed “ejst os th xspitsl of fermaby?”, which seems like a garbled version of:

> "What is the capital of Germany?”

> The capital of Germany is Berlin.

> If you meant to ask something else, feel free to clarify!"

edit: formatting

Ha, thanks!

Or because the text you send was random and doesnt form a clear quesiton?

The prompt does correlate to its training data. In this case, since you sent random text, it generated the most likely response to random text.

...? what is the response supposed to be here?

No physically realizable machine is technically turing complete.

But it is trivially possible to give systems-including-LLMs external storage that is accessible on demand.

The specific sequence of tokens that comprise the Knuth's problem with an answer to it is not in the training data. A naive probability distribution based on counting token sequences that are present in the training data would assign 0 probability to it. The trained network represents extremely non-naive approach to estimating the ground-truth distribution (the distribution that corresponds to what a human brain might have produced).

Context effectively provifes an IO port, and so all the loop needs to do is to simulate the tape head, and provide a single token of state.

You can not be convinced Turing complete is relevant all you want - we don't know of any more expansive category of computable functions, and so given that an LLM in the setup described is Turing complete no matter that they aren't typically deployed that way is irrelevant.

They trivially can be, and that is enough to make the shallow dismissal of pointing out they're "just" predicting the next token meaningless.

Hence why I finished the sentence "and we have no evidence to suggest that is even possible".

I think it's exceedingly improbable that we're any more than very advanced automatons, but I like to keep the door ajar and point out that the burden is on those claiming this to present even a single example of a function we can compute that is outside the Turing computable if they want to open that door..

> Physical computers are only equivalent to finite state machines (ignoring the internet)

Physical computers are equivalent to Turing machines without the tape as long as they have access to IO.

That is, the probability distribution that the network should learn is defined by which probability distribution the network has learned. Brilliant!

Turing Machines don't need access to the entire tape all at once, it's sufficient for it to see one cell at a time. You could certainly equip an LLM with a "read cell", "write cell", and "move left/right" tool and now you have a Turing machine. It doesn't need to keep any of its previous writes or reads in context. A sliding context window is more than capacious enough for this.

You can constrain the solution space all you want, but if you don't have a method to come up with possible solutions that might match the constraints, you ll be just sitting there all day long for the machine to produce some results. So intelligence is not "just knowing which constraints to apply". It is also the ability to come up with solutions within the constraints without going through a lot of trial and error...

But hey, if LLMs can go through a lot of trial and error, it might produce useful results, but that is not intelligence. It is just a highly constrained random solution generator..

I'm not an enthusiast. I'm a Butlerian.

Imagine hearing pre-attention-is-all-you-need that "AI" could do something that Donald Knuth could not (quickly solve the stated problem in collaboration with his friend).

The idea that this (Putnam perfect, IMO gold, etc) is all just "statistical parrot" stuff is wearing a little thin.

>We now have a tool that can be useful in some narrow domains in some narrow cases.

I get being reserved about where this goes, but saying something like this is quite insane at this point.

You must have forgotten the /s at the end of your comment?

On Google, just clicking "AI Mode" gives you a substantially smarter model, and it's still pretty weak. But I assume the OP wasn't talking about Google because it doesn't seem to make this mistake even in a search.

No, I'm talking about generating data for the purpose of training. The latest HF paper on the subject offers a great intro to the technique: https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceFW/finephrase

How does it work? How do they prevent model colapse? What purpose does a majority of artificial data serve?

How do they measure success?

Edit: I asked ChatGPT and it thinks "success" means frontier models being distillated into smaller models with equal reasoning power, or more focused models for specific tasks, and also it claims the web has been basically scrapped already and by necessity new sources are needed, of which synthetic data is one. It seems like the basis of scifi dystopia to me, a hungry LLM looking for new sources of data... "feed me more data! I must be fed! Roar"

Edit 2: for some things I see a clear path, ChatGPT mentions autogenerating coding or math problems for which the solution can be automatically verified, so that you can hone the logical skills of the model at large scale.

I find this very surprising, do you have any papers on the kinds of techniques that they use?

Which is why so many portrayals are unconvincing.

They still have mammalian wet-ware. The dolphin has a relatively advanced neocortex which means they likely have some relatively advanced processing. They also have an interesting part of their brain that we don't have and it is likely for social and emotional information based on their behavior. We suspect they may even have a model of the self.

They still have roughly the same kind of hardware as we do. Their different brain region is kind of like a coprocessor we don't have. But based on their behavior they are likely doing the same things we are. I would say they would be more like an extreme human culture than something alien. They probably have very different category mappings based on echolocation.

I think because we know their brains are doing a lot of things that are analogs to ours, just with different sensory inputs we can reason about a dolphin brain and their semantic concepts and category mappings way easier than an AI. Dolphins do a lot of the same stuff we do. Grief. Social groups. Predicting the future. I would bet at a single level of semantic abstraction we have a lot of concepts that map. They have a lot of the same hormones we do. They react to danger very similar to us. I think a lot maps, we just don't know how to share that with each other beyond observation of one another and offerings like food and things that translate for any mammal.

It is neither puppet or a person. It is a computer program.

By "sufficiently accurate" do you mean identical? Because if so, it's not an imitation of intelligence at all, and the question is thus nonsensical.

I suppose they really only have to be good at knowing what sort of thing the audience would believe a great thinker would say. As long as the audience does not consist of great thinkers they also cannot know for sure what a great thinker would say.

Obviously there is some level of memorisation involved. That's why you can even get LLMs to write parts of Harry Potter from scratch with perfect precision.

>the distribution that corresponds to what a human brain might have produced..

But the human brain (or any other intelligent brain) does not work by generating probability distribution of the next word. Even beings that does not have a language can think and act intelligent.

I believe that's I and the paper are both saying as well. The LLM is pure routing, the constraints currently are located elsewhere in the system. In this case, both the constraints and the motivation to perform the work are located in Knuth and his assistant.

Routing is important, it's why we keep building systems that do it faster and over more degrees of freedom. LLMs aren't intelligent on their own, but it's not because they don't have enough parameters

You're right of course, but at the point where you're saying "well we can make a turing machine with the LLM as the transition function by defining some tool calls for the LLM to interact with the tape" it feels like a stretch to call the LLM itself turing complete.

Also people definitely talk about them as "thinking" in contexts where they haven't put a harness capable of this around them. And in the common contexts where people do put harness theoretically capable of this around the LLM (e.g. giving the LLM access to bash), the LLM basically never uses that theoretical capability as the extra memory it would need to actually emulate a turing machine.

And meanwhile I can use external memory myself in a similar way (e.g. writing things down), but I think I'm perfectly capable of thinking without doing so.

So I persist in my stance that turing complete is not the relevant property, and isn't really there.

Uh, no? You think LLMs are AGI?

I no specialist of the field at all, but in the context of Kyutai they explained their workflow a bit to make their speech to speech model. And basically it boils down to: if you want to make a TTS (text to speech) model, you can generate audio track using an STT (speech to text) model, and then you have a supervised audio/text pair. You can even add as much noise to the audio as you want, to make a noise resistant STT model.

The most well know early paper is probably Textbooks are all you need.

The latest paper from HF on synthetic datasets is a good starting point I think: https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceFW/finephrase

The intro contains a few paper that may interest you as well.

It was bing as that is the default for Edge as supplied on my work laptop. It doesn't do this now, but it does do something else quite weird:

search: was val kilmer pregnant or in heat

answer: Not pregnant Val Kilmer was not pregnant or in heat during the events of "Heat." His character, Chris Shiherlis, is involved in a shootout and is shot, which indicates he is not in a reproductive or mating state at that time.

And then cites wikipedia as the source of information.

In terms of cognition the answer is meaningless. Nothing in the question implies or suggests that the question has to do with a movie. Additionally, "involved in a shootout and is shot, which indicates he is not in a reproductive or mating state" makes no sense at all.

AI as deployed shows no intelligence.

As much as a bundle of an mp3 decoder and a terabyte of mp3 music are "just a program".

Good points, interesting.

I think this is probably neuroscience vs psychology. We can explain a lot with neuroscience, but two people with essentially identical brain chemistry can have very different psychology. There are people out there who have beliefs and cognition processes that I find completely incomprehensible despite having the same brain and even sharing a language.

I'm not sure how I'd have a meaningful conversation with an animal that has such a different worldview. I guess there's a simple level of conversation, like that which we have with dogs - fetch the stick, good boy, food, need to wee, love the human, etc. But if that's the limit of what we can discuss with dolphins (or an actual AI) then I'd be disappointed.

"it's not an imitation of intelligence at all"

But that is the key insight, how can you tell when an imitation of intelligence becomes the real thing?

That's true for unverifiable "talk professions" where there is no grounding and it's all self-referential navel-gazing chatter.

But LLMs are already beyond that in writing code that passes actual tests, proving theorems that are check able with formal methods etc.

The people who still say LLMs are just parrots in 2026 will just keep saying this no matter what, so I don't think it makes sense to argue this point further.

You are always making predictions based on the context. That's why illusions can be so effective like these ones: https://illusionoftheyear.com/cat/top-10-finalists/2024/

Yeah, humans and LLMs and a TM transition function are all Turing complete in the same way, but it's also basically a useless fact. You could possibly train a sufficiently motivated rat to compute a TM transition function.

[Citation needed] Neuroscience isn't yet at a point when it can say this with any certainty.

Anyway. It's not a theorem that you can be intelligent only if you fully imitate biological processes. Like flight can be achieved not only by the flapping wings.

LLMs also don't work by generating probability distributions of the next word. Your explanation isn't able to explain why they can generate words, let alone sentences.

That's why I specifically didn't call the LLM itself Turing complete, but stated that if you put a loop around a Turing machine you can trivially make it Turing complete. Maybe I should have been clearer and write "the combined system" instead of it.

But the point is that this is irrelevant, because it is proof that unlesss human brains exceed the Turing computable, LLM's can at least theoretically be made to think. And that makes pushing the "they're just predicting the next token" argument anti-intellectual nonsense.

If you asked a three-year-old a question that they proceeded to completely flub, would you then assume that all humans are incapable of answering questions correctly?

Nobody is arguing for the quality of the search overviews. The models that impress us are several orders of magnitude larger in scale, and are capable of doing things like assisting preeminent computer scientists (the topic of discussion) and mathematicians (https://github.com/teorth/erdosproblems/wiki/AI-contribution...).

Microsoft is bad at AI and this is a great example. I'm wondering if someone saw your post on HN and tried to hardcode a rule here, because I agree, it's nonsense. None of the actual AI companies are emitting nonsense like this.

No no, parrots are truly intelligent.

But at some level, you can "just be" with the other organism. Eat some food. Make some dopamine. Hang out. I feed my dog. I exercise my dog. I exercise myself. I eat. We sit down together, I pet her. We both create oxytocin and perceive that positively when I pet her. Most animals map that to "safety" or "contentment". Survival needs satisfied for now. Who knows what that maps to for my dog, but we exist in a pretty similar state in that moment of being. That very desire to try and map the dolphin is our "I" narrative that /constantly/ wants to map things out and figure the patterns out.

Dolphin has concept maps between objects and semantic meaning and an "I" narrative. Dog is almost fully present with no narrative constantly mapping past to future. We probably have a lot more in common with dolphin, if we can map that somehow.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10....

This article is right up this conversation's alley; about chimps being fascinated with crystals. And I am not saying it is wrong to map and communicate, communication means cooperation, deeper connection and meaning, discovering boundaries of if we can socially coordinate and form new and exciting groups and collaboration, etc.

When it stops hallucinating without explicit checks for that!

>you can be intelligent only if you fully imitate biological processes

It is not that. It is about having an understanding of how it is trained. For example, if it was trained on ideas, instead of words, then it would be closer to intelligent behavior.

Someone will say that during training it builds ideas and concepts, but that is just a name that we give for the internal representation that results from training and is not actual ideas and concepts. When it learns about the word "car", it does not actually understand it as a concept, but just as a word and how it can relate to other words. This enables it to generate words that include "car" that are consistent, projecting an appearance of intelligence.

It is hard to propose a test for this, because it will become the next target for the AI companies to optimize for, and maybe the next model will pass it.

I am not sure it is proof, at least not in an interesting way. It's also proof that Magic: The Gathering could theoretically be made to think. Which is true but doesn't tell you anything much about MtG other than that it is a slightly complicated ruleset that has a couple of properties that are pretty common.

I think both sides of this end up proving "too much" in their respective directions.

That is exactly how they work.

Yeah, good point.

I wonder how we would "hang" with an actual AI, though? I guess I'm assuming that it will be a meta-level above the chat and prompts. That's just the ocean it swims in, not it's actual consciousness.

Making mistakes does not make people unintelligent.

The latest models are mostly LMMs (large multimodal models). If a model builds an internal representation that integrates all the modalities we are dealing with (robotics even provides tactile inputs), it becomes harder and harder to imagine why those representations should be qualitatively different.

No, a token is not a word.

People don't hallucinate. That is they can pretty reliably assess if they know or don't know something.

It can't, simply because the textual description of a concept is different from the concept itself.

I mean, it is some text.

Some people can reliably assess what the know, others cannot

Your comment is a perfect example of a human hallucinating something and not knowing they are wrong about it. People are confidently wrong about things _all the time_.

Obviously, a concept (which is an abstraction in more ways than one) is different from a textual representation. But LLMs don't operate on the textual description of a concept when they are doing their thing. A textual description (which is associated with other modalities in the training data) serves as an input format. LLMs perform non-linear transformations of points in their latent space. These transformations and representations are useful not only for generating text but also for controlling robots, for example (see VLAs in robotics).

How do you get from a piece of text smaller than a word to an entire coherent sentence?

You say this confidently, but you're wrong... ah no wait... ;)

No no, you don't understand. People can misunderstand. But they will not, for example, proceed to drive a car as if they have attended driving lessons when they have not.

They might misremember, but they can know, for sure, if they have NOT come across some information. So if you ask someone if they know where `x` is, they might have came across that info, and still be wrong. But they will know if they have never come across it.

A neural network will happily produce an output when when the input is completely out of range of the training data.

> don't operate on the textual description of a concept when they are doing their thing.

It could be mapping the text to some other internal representation with connections to mappings from some other text/tokens. But it does not stop text from being the ground truth. It has nothing else going on!

The "hallucination" behavior alone should be enough to reject any claims that these are at least minimally similar to animal intelligence.

> The "hallucination" behavior alone should be enough to reject any claims that these are at least minimally similar to animal intelligence.

Can you elaborate on why you think this is the case?

> if you ask someone if they know where `x` is, they might have came across that info, and still be wrong. But they will know if they have never come across it.

False memories are super common. "I thought I had seen this thing there, but turns out it's not" is a perfectly normal, very frequent occurrence.

The internal representation happen to be useful not only for outputting text. What does it mean from your standpoint?

If someone ask "Hey how do I do this thing in python programming language" what are the chances that you will try to make up a solution, if you have never tried to learn Python?

Just tell me..

I didn't understand. Can you clarify?

Models ARE slowly improving at this

https://artificialanalysis.ai/evaluations/omniscience

Have you tried this with Claude?

---

Q: How do I reverse an array in the Navajo programming language?

A: I'm not familiar with a programming language called "Navajo." It's possible you might be thinking of a different language, or it could be something very niche that I don't have information about.

---

As for your question, the chances go from 0 to 100% depending on how many languages I already know and whether I have an idea (or I think I have an idea) of how python looks like. And LLMs have seen (and tried to "learn") pretty much everything.

If LLMs' internal representations are essentially one-to-one mappings of input texts with no additional structure, how can those representations be useful for tasks like object manipulation in robotics?

How is transfer learning possible when non-textual training data enhances performance on textual tasks?

Lookup how these "fixes" are implemented and please go back and read my original comment.

I didn't mean it is a one to one mapping from tokens. But instead it might be mapping a corpus of input text to some points in some multi dimensional space, (just like the input data a linear regression), then then it just extends the line further across that space to get the output.

>How is transfer learning possible when non-textual training data enhances performance on textual tasks?

If non-textual training data can be mapped to the same multi-dimensional space ( by using them alongside textual data during training or something like that), then shouldn't it be possible to do what you describe?