Typically just find bindings for your language and adapt the startup/bootstrap to match your language syntax. Opengl calls are fairly agnostic especially when you move to the shader logic.

The biggest issue with c# dev is OS specific window management. CLR doesn't have good wayland support yet if you're trying to do this from a modern Linux distro.

I still write games using OpenGL for the reasons described in the comments here. I've had very good results with it despite it being "old". It works on my MacBook, PC, and SteamDeck and it has yet to surprise me.

I can recommend OpenTK [0]. I've used it recently to create a 3D renderer, and I have not run into any issues.

[0] https://opentk.net/

OpenGL is arguably still better for learning the fundamentals of computer graphics. All you really want early on is a simple vertex and fragment shader up and running so that you can learn how to move a camera around, transform objects, basic lighting and texturing, etc. Vulkan is overkill for that. If you follow the LearnOpenGL tutorials you'll get as far as HDR lighting and shadows. At that point you'll be better equipped to understand an API like Vulkan and probably a lot more successful at porting an engine over to it.

If you want to use glBegin() / glEnd() - like immediate API with modern OpenGL, I reecommend using a library called RLGL (https://github.com/raysan5/raylib/blob/master/src/rlgl.h), from Raylib. You'll feel straight at home!

> executes on all pixels sequentially

or in parallel?

Vulkan is garbage. It's completely needlessly overengineered. Like, you literally have to write 50 lines of code just to allocate GPU memory, which is a one-liner in other APIs like CUDA. These 50 lines include things like heap type shopping and usage flags, that are entirely pointless for modern desktop GPUs. I know there is VMA, but that is a poorly made bandaid over a badly designed API, and barely addresses one out of 100 UX issues with Vulkan. There is a reason so many are sticking with OpenGL. OpenGL is fairly bad, but at least it isn't Vulkan.

But I can agree with CUDA. CUDA is great, in a large part because it actually offers an easy to use API.

Same sentiment here. My litmus test is - after creating a window - "how many lines of code does it take to render a triangle?".

With the old OpenGL API you could do this in like 10 lines of code (probably even less with SGI's GL).

With the new/shader-based API, well... https://learnopengl.com/Getting-started/Hello-Triangle

Vulkan - I don't even want to know.

Wonder how this opinion will age. Won't be surprised if in 10 years OpenGL will be more widely supported and used than Vulkan. It's the Lindy effect after all.

Should be, OpenGL still runs on MacOS.

This advice is basically like a teenager wanting to play electric guitar to jam out a few rock tunes, but their parents insist on learning classical guitar instead because starting with the fundamentals is the only "real" way to become a great musician. Meanwhile the kid loses interest and moves on to something else.

It's so much easier than Vulkan or writing shaders and the performance is more than good enough for a lot of applications.

I wonder if somebody has written a adapter layer to write old OpenGL and translate it on the fly to Vulkan?

OpenGL is not obsolete and is totally fine for many use cases. Vulkan is way too complicated and cumbersome for many.

Even if OpenGL doesn't get new features what exists now will continue to work for decades.

In 2026: Yes yes, please please learn this if you're beginning computer graphics. This is basically the One and Only Holy Bible of graphics programming, and dealing with a slightly outdated and weird API doesn't make it worse even a teeny bit. You will never get the same quality of fundamental education material from any of the other tutorials (especially Vulkan ones, since most of them assume you already know the basics and delve straight into writing thousands of lines of code that doesn't even perform better than OpenGL). You need to first learn the really basic things like homogeneous coordinates, matrix transforms, vertex and fragment shaders, various shading models like Phong and PBR, multi-pass rendering, etc, before actually diving into lower-level details where you want to optimize things.

Vulkan and DX12 are currently flawed APIs that are unnecessarily complex and doesn't even match the performance characteristics of current-gen hardware (see the titular post: https://www.sebastianaaltonen.com/blog/no-graphics-api) - if you want to really learn the low-level details you should start diving into something like CUDA or get into graphics driver development (start by reading Mesa open source driver code - which you will then learn why Vulkan is flawed)

OpenGL is the only truly cross-platform graphics API out there. Vulkan isn't on Apple platforms, unless you use MoltenVK which implements it on top of Metal. Also I don't know why, but Windows games tend to use Direct3D even though afaik GPU drivers do implement Vulkan on Windows, so there must be a good reason for that.

It's also much easier to grasp than Vulkan, Metal, or Direct3D.

Im the author of vkguide.dev and i disagree. I wrote that tutorial specifically for people that have already gone through learnopengl and want to learn vulkan. The core problem with the modern apis is that they are so incredibly complicated that they will kill any newbie on the spot. When the student still doesnt really know what a mesh is, having them setup GPU side memory allocators and graphics compute pipelines is absurd.

Opengl meanwhile is significantly easier, and will give them the important terminology and math required to do graphics. Once the student has learned opengl and wrote a small renderer with a few basic techniques, moving to vulkan or DX12 will happen far more smoothly.

In particular, learnopengl explains a lot of basics like transformation coordinates, what a mesh is, and other similar "basic knowledge", while all vulkan and dx12 tutorials skip through that because they are meant for a much more experienced audience.

>The one and only Holy Bible of Graphics Programming.

The textbooks Real Time Rendering and Physically Based Rendering are far more deserving of such claims.

I'm not as interested in game development but I'm one of these web/cloud people who finds graphics work extremely therapeutic. I made a box move around on the screen with various easing animations and it was some of the most fun I've ever had programming.

I've heard that learning WebGPU is a pretty decent alternative, it's cross-platform, has runners that are non-web, and has some of the niceties of Metal without being platform lock-in

Mesa has Zink which translates OpenGL to Vulkan. AFAIK Asahi uses it because they only wrote a native Vulkan driver for the hardware, no native OpenGL driver.

Apple themselves also don't ship a native OpenGL driver anymore, only a layer that translates OpenGL to Metal.

OpenGL is deprecated and version locked on Mac/iOS.

Sadly, the OP is right, OpenGL is deprecated on a number of platforms and down right removed from others. Please don't learn this now. Vulkan has the shape of every modern graphics api out there, DX included. Learn this or at the very least WebGPU.

> write old OpenGL and translate it on the fly to Vulkan

Apple's OpenGL on macOS and iOS has been a shim over Metal for a very long time. The feature set is stuck somewhere between GL 3.x and 4.1 though (e.g. no compute shaders), but not for technical reasons.

The problem with most modern "how to learn graphics programming" guides is that they over index on "low level GPU programming" and under index on important foundational 3D graphics concepts. Transformations and coordinate systems, model space, world space, view space, clip space, normalized device coordinates, screen space, concepts like parallel vs. perspective projection, viewport and viewport transformation, colors, lighting, materials, reflection, blending, antialiasing, texture mapping, various buffer types, tessellation...

You want to start with OpenGL because the API is organized roughly around these high level concepts. Starting with something like Vulkan means you're dropped straight into hundreds of lines of low level boilerplate setting up VkCommandBuffers and VkRenderPasses and VkPipelines and shaders, and all this GPU programming, and it's all just bewildering if you're used to thinking about things at the high level first, or just want to draw a fucking triangle on the screen.

Contrary to urban myths, OpenGL never was a big thing on game consoles.

Windows official API is DirectX, OpenGL and Vulkan use a plugin API, ICD, which is nonetheless DirectX underneath.

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/d...

" it's cross-platform"

Nothing in real time graphics _actually_ is cross platform. You are always programming a vendor hardware.

"Cross platform" really has no value in graphics programming, honestly, when discussing the lowest level programmable api.

You always need to explicitly say which platforms you target, and then test on those platforms.

The main questions should be "on which platform will my users run it" and "can I debug and test this".

So if you are starting out - pick out the easiest api for you. Don't go looking for universality as a value on it's owm (if you want universal rendering, choose CPU rendering. if you want high perf - choose your GPU platform(s) explicitly).

I do agree Vulkan is too cumbersome, but OpenGL is definitely obsolete.

The OpenGL API with its binding-based approach is also very confusing for beginners, but the replacement Direct State Access API came too late (after Apple already decided they would deprecate OpenGL, so it never got supported on macOS).

And the fact that the GLSL parser and compiler are part of the driver means there are tons of hardware-specific bugs and miscompilations. Intel integrated drivers on Windows are notorious for being especially buggy.

All of those make OpenGL a pretty poor target for learning. Personally, I would recommend WebGPU to people who want to get into graphics programming. It's very similar to DirectX/Metal, and like a more streamlined Vulkan. The WGPU implementation of WebGPU has a C API, which also has C++ headers, and a native Rust API. And you can also use WebGPU in your browser from JavaScript, if you don't know any native languages.

> The core problem with the modern apis is that they are so incredibly complicated that they will kill any newbie on the spot.

I would agree if by modern you mean DX12 or Vulkan, but WebGPU (and maybe even Metal) are quite decent.

OpenGL is limited to 4.1 on Apple platforms if I am not mistaken, and will not get updated ever. So you will run into missing features eventually on some platforms, e.g. SSBOs are really nice but you can't them use on Apple devices.

For me, a much stronger argument against OpenGL is that is requires a global state. This often leads to bad design, is miserable to multi-thread, and is rather tedious to port to Vulkan. I have spent several years fighting with multi-threading applications doing all sort of things in OpenGL and it is not great. Yes, Vulkan is extremely painful to set-up and you have to think about a million things you might not really care about directly, but honestly, I would also recommend against starting anything serious in OpenGL. To get your hands wet maybe, as with a couple lines you can get something running..

A data point: "OpenGL ES is still supported on Android, but is no longer under active feature development. Vulkan offers the following advantages over OpenGL ES" "Vulkan is the preferred Android interface to the GPU. Android 15 and up includes ANGLE as an optional layer for running OpenGL ES on top of Vulkan."

https://developer.android.com/games/develop/vulkan/overview

> It's so much easier than Vulkan or writing shaders

Even if you use OpenGL you still need to write shaders.

> You will never get the same quality of fundamental material

If you're looking for fundamental material, the last thing you want is learning a very (not slightly) outdated and weird API.

> Vulkan and DX12 are currently flawed APIs that are unnecessarily complex and doesn't even match the performance characteristics of current-gen hardware

And OpneGL is worse

I still think that OpenGL is a better place to start learning 3D because there is so much less bookkeeping to do regarding memory and concurrency vs. Vulkan. I'm working on a "Post-Modern OpenGL" tutorial that exclusively teaches the most "modern" (merely a decade old) APIs and practices of GL 4.6. But, writing is slow going...

If you are going to use Vulkan, check out https://howtovulkan.com/ Vulkan started with a lot of compromises to make mobile hardware happy at the expense of making everything overly complicated on desktop. Over the past decade, desktop devs have managed to get a lot of features added to make Vulkan on desktop more sane. How To Vulkan covers that newer approach. This recent video "It's Not About the API" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bSzp-QildA shows how simple it can be if you let it.

And, if you are on a Mac, folks who use Metal like it a lot. Don't worry about lock-in. Once you learn the basics, knowledge is easily transferable to DX12 and Vulkan. You should plan to write 3 or 4 renderers to throw away anyway :P

The problem with OpenGL isn't so much that its programming model is outdated, but that it is an incredibly confusing and (in many places) just plain badly designed API (just look at VAOs, it's hard to come up with a more broken and useless feature - some of the problems have been salvaged on more recent OpenGL versions, but those are not portable to macOS or GLES3.x).

Another (related) problem is that the many sediment layers that have accumulated over nearly three decades are not clearly separated (and Vulkan is starting to suffer from the same problem btw, there's always at least five different ways to do the same thing, three of which are outdated or not recommended to be used on specific GPU architectures, and the other two have complicated relationships and interdependencies with other redundant or optional features, it's apparently some sort of Khronos curse to always create the biggest possible mess when it comes to 3D APIs).

On Windows (maybe even on Linux via Proton), starting with D3D11 makes a lot more sense, or on macOS with Metal v1. Both APIs are 'close enough' to modern 3D APIs to carry a lot of the knowledge over, but without being too low-level like Vulkan or D3D12, WebGPU running in browsers is also a good choice (even though it inherits some bad design decisions from Vulkan 1.0 when it comes to resource bindings, and is in some places actually slower than WebGL2).

Indeed, and a well regarded WebGPU guide is also trending on the front page at the same time :P

The "universal" nature of WebGPU with the "web" focus feels a lot like the graphics API equivalent of WASM. In that regard there are also some interesting projects/opportunities.

Webgpu is the worst of both worlds. Significantly more complicated than opengl yet not capable of many "essential" modern techniques like bindless resources.

If you must use a modern api to learn for whatever reason, go with vulkan and use dynamic rendering and buffer device addressing.

> Personally, I would recommend WebGPU to people who want to get into graphics programming.

Unfortunately WebGPU is like 5 years behind OpenGL 4.6, which is already 8 years old. WebGPU is pretty ancient.

What is the current status of WebGPU support in browsers? I tried to get into it a while ago go, when the writing was already on the wall for WebGL. But WebGPU just wasn't there yet, so I had to stick with WebGL.

I think if you're trapped in the Apple ecosystem then Metal is your only production-quality option. But beginner-level learning material for it is quite sparse, so it's better to transition from OpenGL to Metal rather than learning Metal from scratch. (If you're an experienced graphics dev, you should be able to follow up on Metal by just reading their example source code)

WebGPU has the issue that feature/capability-wise it is essentially 5 years behind OpenGL 4.6, which came out 8 years ago. And the other downside being that it adopted old Vulkan concepts that even Vulkan started to ditch, like render passes and static pipelines.

Ironically, the Vulkan discord always complains about the bad support of Vulkan on mobile devices, and how OpenGL ES is still better supported.

"The "universal" nature of WebGPU with the "web" focus feels a lot like the graphics API equivalent of WASM"

Having shipped non-trivial WASM code in two projects That's not a positive thing. WASM is stuck in zone between living and the dead - just good enough (barely) to merit creating production code when you need the perf in browser but not good enough to register as industrial quality tool as it's not possible really to debug a WASM application.

If you really, really need the perf in your browser app, WASM may be the only option, but it's not really a good one.

I think the dark side of OpenGL for beginning graphics programming is that debugging can be really frustrating! I really think learnopengl.com should have a mandatory section for how to use RenderDoc (https://renderdoc.org/) - it's night and day if you know how to use it.

DX11 suffers from the problem that there aren't that much high quality material comparable to learnopengl.com - I really don't like RasterTek which just dumps code at you without explaining things properly. Same for Metal - the best way would be to just download and read the example source code from the official Apple site, but it's rather unfriendly for beginners.

> And OpneGL is worse

I disagree. OpenGL is truly bad, but there is no API in this world as bad as Vulkan.

Shaders aren't the issue with Vulkan. Writing 50 lines of code for things that should be one-liners is.

Android smartphones are notorious in having low-quality Vulkan drivers full of bugs and spec violations... (I'm looking at you Qualcomm!)

A data point: SDL3-GPU maintainers announced that they will not give a shit about Android support, since there's just too many devices that haven't properly implemented the Vulkan spec. (https://github.com/libsdl-org/SDL/issues/12652#issuecomment-...)

Another data point: the current maintainer of the renderer portion of the Godot engine suffering through all the bug reports from Android devices (https://github.com/godotengine/godot/issues?q=is%3Aissue%20s...)

    > Even if you use OpenGL you still need to write shaders.

Not in OpenGL 1.x

Have you actually read the linked site beyond its name? The site is about fundamentals. Yes, it contains OpenGL code, but what it covers is the fundamentals of real time graphics, not just OpenGL API.

> I'm working on a "Post-Modern OpenGL" tutorial that exclusively teaches the most "modern" (merely a decade old) APIs and practices of GL 4.6. But, writing is slow going...

Is it the AZDO stuff? Quite interested, since there isn't really much information on the Internet about it rather than some slides and GDC videos.

> If you're looking for fundamental material, the last thing you want is learning a very (not slightly) outdated and weird API.

I've never seen a more detailed tutorial than LearnOpenGL that actually goes through the concepts of graphics programming thoroughly and actually make things other than just "learn how to use the API". That alone should be enough to cement the site's longevity.

> And OpneGL is worse

It's never late to learn Vulkan / DX12 after learning learnopengl.com! The value of learnopengl.com isn't in the APIs, it's about learning the basic concepts of graphics programming. If you start learning with Vulkan without any prerequisite knowledge, you'll be bogged in low-level details from the start that isn't really related with learning the actual fundamentals. (And you'll probably have to unlearn Vulkan and DX12 again once a new API has surfaced)

WebGPU only got started in 2021, so Im not sure what you mean. Could you explain? (Or are you thinking of WebGL?)

Without any sort of proper debugging tools.

As always, a decade behind current hardware capabilities andnl browser vendors refuse to have debugging tools.

You need a native build for proper GPU debugging, or do shader printf debugging style.

However, it is what is available.

For beginners that's irrelevant. WebGPU has more than enough features for beginners to learn about graphics programming. Not just that, once you're used to WebGPU, going to Vulkan will be much easier than the transition from OpenGL.

There are a few nice books, they are a bit out of date though.

>covers is the fundamentals of real time graphics

It does not cover all the fundamentals. It hardly explains the necessary math.

> It's never late to learn Vulkan / DX12 after learning learnopengl.com!

Why would you do that? Why would you want to learn an API for graphics cards from the 90s instead of an API for the graphics card from the 2010s?

> The value of learnopengl.com isn't in the APIs, it's about learning the basic concepts of graphics programming.

Then you should learn concepts of graphics programming that isn't defined with code snippets like

    #version 330 core
    struct Material {

?

> And you'll probably have to unlearn Vulkan and DX12 again once a new API has surfaced

Strange. You "have to unlearn a newer API when an even newer one has surfaced, but you should learn this ancient API anyway".

Edit. See also another comment: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49027094

Yep. It's my thesis that early GL APIs feel beginner-friendly because they are so hand-holdy, one-step-at-a-time. But, they end up more complicated when you get serious and they instill bad practices.

Instead, the "modern" APIs allow you to leverage your pre-existing knowledge of "allocate arrays of structs and start indexing them." That's not trivial. But, it is already familiar. And, it ends up a lot better in the end compared to "Invoke whole lot of functions to manipulate a hidden state machine."

You can find a little info on Modern OpenGL at https://github.com/fendevel/Guide-to-Modern-OpenGL-Functions, https://juandiegomontoya.github.io/modern_opengl.html, https://ktstephano.github.io/, https://patrick-is.cool/posts/2025/on-vaos/

OpenGL 1.x is older than the hills.

MoltenVK is pretty good I've been told

Is the GL driver any better? (It sounds like it is?) It's Direct3D on windows all over again :-(

> Have you actually read the linked site beyond its name? The site is about fundamentals.

Is it? All the fundamentals are tied to how it's done in OpenGL with somewhat sparse explanations in between. And many "fundamentals" are literally something like

    #version 330 core
    struct Material {

WebGPU is newer, but lacks modern functionality because it was made to support ancient smartphones. That's great if you want to support ancient smartphones, but not if you want to utilize modern desktop GPUs.

Nope, as Google has moved to use Angle on top of Vulkan.

Nope, the limitations are just too huge for actual usage. Heard Godot Engine tried to use MoltenVK for macOS but experienced too many issues so they just developed a Metal backend.

The fundamental problem is Metal 3 is just too high-level to be able to emulate all of Vulkan's behavior. The new Metal 4 API (which is more low level and similar to Vulkan in many ways) might have improved things recently, but sadly MoltenVK hasn't been rewritten to this new API yet.

Thanks, that makes sense

Here's the Vulkan version of that:

    #version 450
    struct Material {

Despite the name, GLSL is still used all over the place in Vulkan pipelines. The site teaches you the shader approach (rather than the fixed function pipeline of the 90s) which is what the "modern" Vulkan stack uses too.

Yes, it is. Most articles there are practically API-agnostic. Just because the code examples happen to be written with OpenGL it doesn't mean it's about OpenGL.

https://learnopengl.com/PBR/Lighting

Even the code snippets start with "#version 330", if you implement these in another tech stack (say vulkan+slang) the relevant shader code would look very similar. It's quite strange to me that you think just because of "#version 330" it's not about fundamentals, tbh.

Worse than OpenGL though? Haven't had the time to really look into it, probably native Metal is better, yes, but either way it might be easier to port/adapt from Vulkan than from OpenGL (due to similar concepts, no global state, etc)

It's not just because of that. Everything is steeped in OpenGL API. All the "fundamentals" are about OpenGL.

Another link floated to the top of HN discussion just now, and every sibgle link there is better than these "fundamentals": https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49022038 E.g. "Computer Graphics from Scratch" https://gabrielgambetta.com/computer-graphics-from-scratch/ or Mathematics for Computer Graphics https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mathematics-Computer-Graphics-John-...

That was the absolute minimal example of where "fundamentals" immediately devolve into a very specific code targeting a very specific API. See also sibling comment: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49027094

Yes, hence there is now a new layer, KosmicKrisp.